The Story of a Malaysian People Essay Example

The Story of a Malaysian People Essay As I sat on my bed tilting against a bare wall right across the room looking at how the steady beads of raindrops sluiced down my window-pane on a glooming rainy forenoon, I let my head roll off to visualise the chilly forenoon of 11 June 1981, right as the clock ticked 3.00 a.m.[ 1 ] the minute the cogwheel was pulled, the platform beneath his pess opened, the rope around his cervix sliting into his delicate tegument and within nanoseconds the tenseness intensified and in a split 2nd his life ended, Botak Chin hanged, dead, and gone. Oh how the adult female of Malaysia must hold teared and cried, as how sheets of rain started turn uping in doing my ear to be swelled with the sound of rain rain against my window. But allow s non bury the feeling of huge sorrow, torment and hurt that filled the Black Marias of all the donees of Botak Chin as the topic lived to rob the rich for the hapless ,[ 2 ]at least supplying the hapless and suppressed society a better opportunity to populate. And for those who were at the other side of the having terminal, purely talking those whom the topic offended merely to acquire his manner, good you can conceive of the suspirations of alleviation and load that was washed off now that their menace was out of head, out of sight. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of a Malaysian People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of a Malaysian People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of a Malaysian People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ah, what a contention. And hence, what a great subject to compose on. In instance you were inquiring who in the universe is Botak Chin, and why in the universe would anyone give themselves such a reasonable incognito, Botak Chin was non good, bald. His existent name is Wong Swee Chin and he is known as Botak Chin merely because he wanted to assist the hapless and helpless. Do nt acquire it? Well Lashkar-e-Taiba s expression at it in footings of the Malay linguistic communication Bantu Orang Tak Ada Kerja a.k.a BOTAK.[ 3 ]Enlightened? Well, yes I would trust so. Again, in instance you were inquiring, and you decidedly would, what did this adult male do to merit so much attending? And why am I raving so much about him as though he is my womb-to-tomb dream spouse? That you would happen out as you unravel the enigmas of his ephemeral life, with our aid of class. But first, allow me give you a brief debut of our topic of treatment. Merely seek googling Botak Chin and you ll happen that in any web site you click, he is dubbed as Malaysia s version of Robin Hood. Harmonizing to the Malayan high-profile felon records, he was known as Malaysia s most ill-famed mobster in the 1970 s, with a series of robberies, bloody inter-gang competitions and quarrels with the constabulary.[ 4 ] He was a mastermind in his ain manner. He was small-sized but if he set his head to make something, cipher could hold stopped him. He was ever one measure in front of you, was Abu Bakar Juah s remarks about Botak Chin.[ 5 ] Now you get the effect of Botak, an debut being an debut, I should allow the remainder of my squad enthrall you with Botak s life and his environing buddies. Till so, delight make bask our study. At The Beginning Written by ; Lee Boon Ho Family Background After looking at the image of Botak Chin it is truly amusing to see that a cat with a head full of locks being named botak, which in Bahasa Melayu stands for bald. Make non worry, his parents were non seeking to be amusing or anything, the account on how he got the rubric botak was explained in our debut. However, his parents did give him a proper name, which was Wong Swee Chin. This ill-famed mobster was born in 1951 and hails from Kuala Lumpur. Bing a mobster that brought much fright to the society life in Kuala Lumpur in the 1970ss, there was much inquiry and rumor about his household background and upbringing. Some thought he was an orphan and some even said his male parent was a Mafia Godhead. However, after making a thorough research, his household and upbringing was really much like any normal individual walking on the streets of Kuala Lumpur. Botak Chin came from a household of 12. He had nine siblings. As his male parent was a retired person who worked with the Malayan Railways, they lived at the Malayan Railway Quarters following to the Caltex station in Jalan Ipoh[ 6 ]. Although they were hapless, Botak Chin s male parent ever reminded his kids to ever make good workss and ever have a fastness onto their rules and values in life. His male parent was instead rigorous with the upbringing of his kids. However, after the decease of his female parent, Botak Chin felt disconnected from his household for he shared a really close relationship with his female parent. Furthermore, his household started to fall apart as a consequence of his female parent s passing for his pa could non get by with looking after 10 kids and supplying an income for the household. Hence, after losing his fastness, he found consolation in his close friends who became his close comrades and intimate. He stayed away from place and he preferred remaining with his friends[ 7 ]. He felt more comfy and a stronger sense of belonging when he was with the company of his close friends. He treated them like his really ain brothers. Sadly, passing excessively much clip off from place meant he had excessively much freedom and he did non hold anyone to look out for him or to demo him the right way in life. He did non hold a guardian matured plenty to rede him on what was right and what was incorrect. Away from his male parent s alert oculus[ 8 ], he easy was exposed to the dark underworld and how was it like to populate as a mobster. He was intrigued and drawn to the life style of a mobster for he felt they were powerful and they could transfuse a sense of fright in people. He wanted to cognize more, he wanted to be like them and he did. Early Education His parents placed a batch of importance on instruction. Therefore they made the attempt to give all of their 10 kids the proper instruction they needed to win in life. Botak Chin received his early primary instruction at a Chinese common school. He so went on to analyze at Methodist Boys Secondary School in Sentul. However, Botak Chin was non really interested in books and figures. So he lost involvement in his instruction and did non finish his secondary school surveies. Alternatively he quitted school when he merely completed Form 3, after sitting for his Lower Certificate of Education scrutiny[ 9 ]. Botak Chin became a school dropout at a immature age of 15[ 10 ]. It was a commiseration that Botak Chin did non finish his instruction, for by judging on how he thought and how he carried himself, he was of course intelligent and he was evidently gifted with encephalons and humor. Quoting Abu Bakar Juah, one of the prison guards that had the opportunity to guard the legendary Botak Chin ; He was a mastermind in his ain manner. He was small-sized but if he set his head to make something, cipher could hold stopped him .[ 11 ] He even had a instead sociable and sympathetic personality ; Abu Bakar says Wong could be friendly and he used to hold a game of draughtss with him[ 12 ]. A adult male with huge finding ; non burying humor and intelligence with a little touch of manner and personal appeal, Botak Chin had the natural stuffs of going person great, possibly even a leader. He did go a leader, a instead influential one that many spoke off and cognize, but for all the incorrect grounds. His Work Written by ; Eunice Agnes Sivasothey Although proclaiming himself as the Malaysia s Robin Hood , Botak Chin managed to transfuse such fright and anxiety in the heads of his fellow countrymen. Ill-famed for being a inhuman slayer which set the state amok with his uncountable offenses and serious violent disorder of slayings, left the constabulary force during the 1970 s puzzled and stumped on how they are of all time traveling to eventually convey justness to this adult male. Wong Swee Chin ( Botak Chin ) embarked into a life of offense in the early old ages of his life. After discontinuing school at the stamp age of 15, Botak Chin was exposed to the life of the underworld and got himself involved in a pack which called themselves Gang 360 in Kuala Lumpur .[ 13 ]Gang 360 ( Sak Pak Lok ) consisted of local goons which influenced him to perpetrate junior-grade and minor offenses.[ 14 ] In the twelvemonth 1969, when Botak Chin was merely 18 years-old he illicitly obtained his very foremost piece which was a 0.22 six-gun. Soon after, he created his really ain pack and became the originator of 8 robberies. However, he was caught finally and was thrown in gaol for seven old ages. Botak Chin was released from prison in November 1974.[ 15 ] As any inmate released from gaol, Botak Chin tried really difficult to turn over a new foliage and live a Reformed life. He turned away from offense and attempted to populate a respectable life by selling veggies to gain a life. However, he found populating an honorable life was difficult and palling for the income was small and scarce. Populating under such conditions, the thought of returning to his old life started organizing in his head once more.[ 16 ] Within less than a twelvemonth of his release from gaol, Botak Chin returned to a life of offense and in April 1975, he formed a new pack which comprised of a few of his friends, viz. ; Ng Cheng Wong ( Ah Wong ) , Beh Kok Chin ( Pangkor Chai ) dan Teh Bok Lay ( Seh Chai ) . Botak Chin and his buddies ( as portrayed in the biographical movie of himself )[ 17 ] The really following month, he went up to Thailand in hunt of a friend of his to buy guns which were needed for robberies.[ 18 ]Readily armed with guns, Botak Chin and his pack attacked an illegal chancing lair in Sentul on the 2nd of June 1975. They successfully escaped with RM5,800. Money obtained from that robbery was used by Botak Chin to heighten his pack s force. He went up to Thailand once more to get more pieces and ammunition. He purchased 8 more pieces and 100 slugs.[ 19 ] Items seized by Malayan constabulary after Botak Chin s apprehension ( now on show @ Malaysia Police Museum )[ 20 ] The pack s following act was to rob a bank in Jalan Imbi. From that robbery, they obtained RM95,000 in hard currency and RM25,00 of the entire amount was used to buy a Datsun auto. Not long after that, Botak Chin and his buddies robbed a Buddhist temple on Jalan Kolam Ayer.[ 21 ]They shot a few mah-jong participants and looted RM10,000 worth of goods including hard currency, gold and expensive points[ 22 ]. Botak Chin started a violent disorder of robberies and this violent disorder caught the attending of the so City s Criminal Investigation Department deputy caput, Deputy Superintendent S.Kulasingam and he was on the quest to capture Botak Chin. Due to legion robberies, pack battles and even gun conflicts with the constabulary, Botak Chin was running low on ammunition and pieces. Hence, to get the better of this defect, he attacked three police officers and took their handguns. He even stole pieces belonging to security guards during a robbery at a saloon in Sentul.[ 23 ]Botak Chin besides enjoyed demoing off his abilities and capablenesss in managing guns. He would dispute anyone at Sentul Railway Club to vie who was better at Cowboy Style shot.[ 24 ] However, of all the offenses he committed, the biggest and most unsafe robbery he executed was the robbing of a security guard transporting money to the Horse Racing Club. This monolithic robbery took topographic point on the 26th of October 1975. Botak Chin shot the security guard and managed to get away without being caught with RM218, 000 in hard currency. The hard currency obtained was one time once more used to purchase even more pieces from Thailand. He spent about RM40, 000 buying a immense aggregation of arms which included 19 pieces, 5 grenades and 1,000 slugs[ 25 ]. Apart from forming robberies, Botak Chin was besides involved in assorted pack wars. One outstanding pack war which he was involved in was the pack war between his ain pack and the ill-famed Five Finger Mountain pack. This peculiar war was plain bloody and dismaying. The pack war resulted in a few deceases viz. the decease of the Five Finger Mountain gang leader every bit good as the decease of Botak Chin s ain pack member, Ah Wong[ 26 ] The engagement of Botak Chin is a big figure of offenses and the his ability to defy gaining control from the constabulary force and flight life endangering state of affairss lead many to believe he had something more than fortune on his side. Something that made him powerful, fearless and even at times unbeatable. Hence, there were theories and rumors about him holding an talisman or a lucky appeal that gave him supernatural powers. It was said that Botak Chin wore a BE2480 ( Internet Explorer: 1937 AD ) batch Tok Raja ( a celebrated Buddhist monastic ) pidtta and takrut ( a type of encased enchantment coil made by the Tok Raja ) . Because of this pidtta, Botak Chin was able to ever all of a sudden disappear whenever the constabulary tried to collar him or he could merely hedge the sight of the constabulary trying to collar him. Harmonizing to the fable, pidttas provides strong protection and gives the wearer the ability to avoid danger. Many believe that the constabulary managed to eventually grok Botak Chin with the aid of Tok Raja.[ 27 ] Whatever the instance possibly, whether Botak Chin had an talisman giving him powers or he was merely one lucky individual, I believe that luck played a really minor function in his offenses and robberies. The success of his robberies and his astonishing ability of out-witting the constabulary force clip and clip once more most decidedly did non entirely depend on sheer fortune but more on his humor and fore-sight. And citing him, he said, I was ever one measure in front of you ( the constabulary ) .[ 28 ] In his ain particular and alone manner, he was a pure mastermind with an astonishing head. The Capture Written by ; Rachel Chong Suet Yeng Botak Chin brought in by the constabulary. This portion of the chapter is based on the existent life experience of Datuk Syed Meer Wahid Al-Hubshee Syed Ibrahim, 78, a dedicated, loyal and determined ex-police officer who served the constabulary force from 1951 to 1986, and who was penned down in history as being the unsung hero and engineer behind the concluding gaining control of Malaysia s most ill-famed felon, Botak Chin, a.k.a, Wong Swee Chin.[ 29 ] Unfortunately for Botak Chin, the dark of 16 February 1976 marks the terminal of term of his controversial behavior, protecting the public assistance of the hapless and incapacitated, albeit by ill-conceived ways as seen by some but his rules regarded by others as baronial and compassionate. Harmonizing to Datuk Syed Meer Wahid Al-Hubshee Syed Ibrahim, or more normally known as Syed Meor, he was the Campbell territory ( soon known as Dang Wangi ) caput officer who courageously took up the function of the late Deputy Superintendent ( DSP ) S Kulasingam, Head of section of Crime Investigation, Kuala Lumpur after the latter was injured by Botak Chin s buddies and was being treated in the infirmary. The foray which finally lead to the apprehension of Botak Chin took topographic point in a sawmill mill in Jalan Ipoh which was tipped off by an betrayer that there were heroin thrusters in the sawmill mill. Syed Meor ordered the betrayer to steal into the mill but to no help due to certain obstructions. Harmonizing to him, he had to take on the duty of measuring the state of affairs himself, and by which he wore a turban so as to non be recognised. Equally shortly as he saw the right manus adult male of Botak Chin, Pangkor Chai ( Beh Kok Chin ) , he instantly contacted the Kuala Lumpur main constabularies officer, Tan Sri Mohamed Amin Osman to name for 3 backup squads that would environ the sawmill mill. The fast one was to stop any phone calls made from within the mill to corroborate the presence of Botak Chin in the alleged hideaway. To their discouragement, no phone calls were made for four yearss directly, and therefore the constabulary force could non take action as fright of destroying their opportunities. The 4th dark was the last dark the constabulary force was traveling to put around and delay, aimlessly for a miracle to go on. And it was a jar of the blue that phone call was made on the last dark of the operation, and genuinely, it was without a uncertainty the voice of Botak Chin. The topic phoned his buddies in Ipoh and the program was to assail Genting Highlands. Equally shortly as the constabulary confirmed that Botak Chin was in the sawmill mill, they burst into the scene and started a gun-shooting stretch. Approximately 500 gun shootings and rupture gas were discharged which resulted in an extended helter-skelter state of affairs. Pangkor Chai and Ah Keong counter-attacked the constabulary force with more gunfires and threw a grenade towards the constabulary. In the thick of the brainsick state of affairs, Botak was shot at his leg and right manus. In obvious hurting, he crawled towards two of his best right manus adult male but fright and guilt enveloped him as he found both of them lying every bit still as a log, dead and gone.[ 30 ]As the ambiance cleared up, Sentul main officer ( which Syed Meor misplaced his name ) found Botak lying impotently beneath a tabular array.[ 31 ] Sir Please assist me. Was all that he could express. Botak was dragged out from beneath the tabular array. This marks the terminal of Botak s autonomy and invisibleness as he eventually fell into the long weaponries of jurisprudence. Finite Written by ; Choong Huayen Transporting Botak Chin s organic structure to be buried. Wong Swee Chin better known as Botak Chin was arrested for a twelvemonth after being caught by the constabulary force. To the constabulary force that was on Botak Chin s trail, the twenty-four hours of his gaining control was a twenty-four hours of jubilation and exultation for many thought it was virtually impossible to catch this ill-famed pack leader. However, the alleged unbeatable adult male was eventually brought in and was so handed over to the tribunals where justness was about to bechance on him. Botak Chin was so pleaded guilty by the Kuala Lumpur High Court and was given the much dreaded decease punishment after being convicted on three charges under the Internal Security Act ( ISA )[ 32 ]. For all the barbarous and inhuman offenses he had done, he was sentenced to decease by the rope, which many in the state thought that this was the lone penalty suited for such a heartless mobster that caused mayhem and released panic among the community in Klang Valley during the 1970ss. He did non desire to decease ; he did non desire to stop his life in such an unstylish manner neither did he desire to acknowledge licking for he felt his concern here was non complete yet. Therefore, he hired a attorney and appealed against his sentence to the Privy Council on the 1st of April 1980.[ 33 ]Botak Chin defended himself by naming himself the modern twenty-four hours Robin Hood [ 34 ]as he had robbed from the rich and gave some spoils to the hapless while he used the staying spoils to purchase more equipment for the following robbery. There was this one incident where Botak Chin showed compassion and commiseration towards an old ice-cream marketer. Botak Chin met this old adult male selling ice-cream on a bike. He told the old adult male to acquire off his bike, and he grabbed clasp of the old bike and threw it across the route. He so reached into his pocket and pulled out a few thousand ringgit. He gave the money to the old adult male and told the old adult male to trav el place and acquire some remainder[ 35 ]. However, the tribunal did non govern in his favor and Botak Chin was found guilty on the 16th of May 1980. The Board of Pardons and Supreme Court refused the entreaty Botak Chin has made ; he was non traveling to get away the rope.[ 36 ]To them, the sum of wrong-doing and the sum of panic caused by him was more than terrible adequate and they did non see fit to let person like him to get away the gallows of decease. After being denied a opportunity to appeal against the decease sentence, Botak Chin became despairing ; he did non desire to decease, this is non how he wanted to travel, he had to happen a manner out no affair what it took. He had to make something to acquire out of this quandary and he needed to move rapidly for clip was non on his side. Hence, on the 1st of January 1981, he made a despairing effort to get away the Pudu Prison from his decease row cell. Botak Chin used a crisp arm to get away ; he mercilessly stabbed three prison functionaries in his gruesome and despairing effort to get away the decease gallows. However, Botak Chin was unsuccessful and he sustained really serious hurts in his effort to get away[ 37 ]. After this failed effort at get awaying, Botak Chin did non hold the strength neither did he hold the will to seek to get away any longer ; he eventually surrendered and accepted his destiny. He merely waited patiently and softly for the twenty-four hours of the hang ing, for his finite terminal of his life as a condemnable feared by many. Botak Chin had a petition before he was hanged. A petition that surprised many and caused many to oppugn their perceptual experience of him as a heartless and barbarous felon. He wished to donate all his critical variety meats to the infirmary for medical intents. This act signifies the purposes of perchance a good adult male who was misjudged and likely went about making good in the incorrect manner. However, this petition was besides denied as Botak Chin did non travel through the proper processs and did non compose a written consent[ 38 ]. It was disrespectful in a manner to deny this petition as this was Botak Chin s deceasing wish before he was hanged from the rope. Botak Chin had a concluding petition before his hanging ; he requested to have on his Tok Raja Pidtta during his rope hanging. His petition was denied, nevertheless, the justice promised to return the Pidtta to Botak Chin when he is confirmed dead[ 39 ]. This is because the Pidtta is believed to confer and give power to the wearer which enables the wearer disappear from danger and Botak Chin has escaped countless dangers and even gaining controls when he was have oning this Pidtta. The Pidtta may look like a superstitious belief and does non hold any solid or concrete cogent evidence of its powers. However, the justice most decidedly did non desire to put on the line Botak Chin get awaying once more. Hence, he disallowed the Pidtta as a safety step. 11th of June, 1981, the twenty-four hours of the hanging of Botak Chin had eventually arrived. As the prison guards entered Botak Chin s prison cell to take him to the executing chamber, he said to them Sudah sampai ah? Saya rasa macam lari 100m, sudah sampai garisan penamat. ( Is it clip already? I felt like I ran 100m and I am near to making the coating line. ) Like standard process, the prison guard so wrapped his caput with a black fabric and Botak Chin was brought to the executing chamber blindfolded[ 40 ]. The silence that followed him was deafening and merely repeating footfalls were heard as Botak Chin easy climbed up the stairss of the executing platform, his concluding finish. He so stopped right under the rope hanger. The rope hanger was wrapped around his caput and Botak Chin was asked for his deceasing want, which was to donate his critical variety meats to the infirmary for medical intents. After his deceasing want was written down, there was pitch silent for a minute, as it was still 2.59am. Everyone held their breath as the hr of decease was upon them in merely a few minutes. When the clock turned 3.00 am, the cogwheel was pulled. The platform under Botak Chin s legs opened and his organic structure fell down and the rope violently broke his cervix and he was left hanging for a minute to guarantee he was decidedly dead. This was the terminal of the 28 twelvemonth old Botak Chin[ 41 ], the most ill-famed felon of that clip who lived dauntlessly and instilled the feeling of fright in everyone around him. People all over the state knew him ; even the small childs on the streets chanted his name during his reign. And now, eventually all around the state, everyone breathed a suspiration of understanding and alleviation, for the pursuit for Botak Chin had eventually ended. DSP S Kulasingam Written by ; Ng Sijie S. Kulasingam ( on the right ) recognizing other constabulary officers. S Kulasingam besides known as Kula by his couples was the former helper CID head of Kuala Lumpur and Johor CID head[ 42 ]. S Kulasingam was born on 12 August 1931 in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. He is a tall and immense individual. Kula is about 6 pess 2 inches and weighs about 216 lbs[ 43 ]. He is good built and strong which is much needed in his field work as a police officer and CID head. His name, S Kulasingam means king of beasts of the community in Tamil[ 44 ]which really good depict his function in the society. At a immature age of merely 19, he decided to fall in the constabulary force[ 45 ]. Before that, he worked as a instructor for around 6 months[ 46 ]. He so chose to discontinue his occupation as a instructor due to him desiring to assist construct a safer state for the benefit of the society. Once he started his work as a police officer, he was really good respected. In July, 1951, he became a provisional inspector. At that clip he was simply 20 old ages old. With much accomplishment within him, he managed to mount up the rankings to achieve the station of adjunct overseer of constabulary in August 1957[ 47 ]. Soon, he became the constabulary officer most feared by felons around the 1970s. It s non easy to kill me. I wo nt travel before my figure is up, Kula had one time said in an interview, after holding survived several efforts on his life by despairing mobsters.[ 48 ]He was best known for capturing the ill-famed and ill-famed Botak Chin. Many robberies took topographic point under Botak Chin s name. Therefore, a particular force led by S Kulasingam was required to do Botak Chin s gaining control possible. This accomplishment made him one of the best constabulary officers in the Royal Malaysia Police ( PDRM ) .[ 49 ]He should be made as a function theoretical account for the young person of today and the hereafter. During his clip functioning the state as a constabulary officer, he led many operations and achieved new highs by decrypting and work outing rare and complicating instances. S Kulasingam besides came in close combat with many unsafe every bit good as barbarous felons and inmates. One of his close decease state of affairss was a surprise ambuscade by Botak Chin at the intersection of Davis route traffic visible radiation, Circulat Road on 22 November 1975.[ 50 ]This was an effort on Botak Chin s portion to assassinate him. 11 gunfires were fired at him that twenty-four hours. Fortunately, merely one shooting hit him right at his thorax. Amazingly, he was still able to maneuver out of the danger to safety at a nearby constabulary station which was the Cheras Police Station for backup and aid. Besides that, S Kulasingam besides operated in the instance which involved the psychopathologic raper Kepong Chai who raped adult females and scarred their faces after ravishing them.[ 51 ] On April 7 1976, he survived a shooting in the tummy when he was present to assist battle at a robbery that occurred at a jewelry store in Paramount Gardens, Petaling Jaya[ 52 ]. He was really fortunate that dark for he was able to make the infirmary in clip. Besides that, he besides survived with minimum hurts when a 44-pound jar of formic acid was thrown straight at his organic structure[ 53 ]. He is a really lucky adult male as he dealt with many life and decease state of affairss and someway managed to last each one of them. Outside his work, he is a amusing cat with a great and infective personality. He is a joy to be about. One of his avocations is listening and singing old Tamil vocals. He tends to sing them to entertain his friends and household. His nephew, S. Thirunavakarasu remembers S. Kulasingam as a friendly and loving uncle and besides treated him as his function theoretical account due to his leading and achievements as a well-known, righteous and baronial police officer.[ 54 ] Over the old ages, he raided and captured many hideawaies of packs with eldritch and bizarre names such as the Mini-Cooper Gang and the Cowboys [ 55 ]. Every felon and criminal out at that place decidedly cognizant of his being and bequest. His passion, dedication and diligence in his field have earned him many awards and much congratulations from his higher-ups such as the Medal of the brave Kula ( PGB ) and Ahli Mangku Negara ( AMN ) . These are two really esteemed awards which help him derive much popularity and his position today. After many panics and slug evasion, S Kulasingam retired in 1985 when he was about 54 old ages old. For about 35 old ages as a bull, he flirted with danger twenty-four hours and dark and therefore he surely deserves his long anticipated retirement after working hard for the state. After retirement, he lives comfortably in a two floored flat in Johor Bahru[ 56 ]. He neer married and he continued to stay a unmarried man and lived entirely for the remainder of his unrecorded. All he wanted was a peaceable and low profile life after all that bosom whipping minutes he had to cover with as a constabulary officer. He was one time asked about why he would non desire to acquire married, he quoted Field of unsafe work such as this requires some forfeits, [ 57 ]. What he said was true as he was involved in many life endangering state of affairss and this would decidedly endanger his household s safety which would impede them from holding a normal life like the other households could. On the 29th of September 2007, S Kulasingam was hospitalized after he slipped and fell in his bathroom in his flat at Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad[ 58 ]. Fortunately, one of his nephews was at that place to assist him. He was brought to the infirmary shortly after. He fractured his hip bone during this incident and had to travel for an operation. He was able to walk once more shortly after the operation[ 59 ]. However, he was still hospitalized due to some complications. After 2 months of being in the infirmary, on the 29th of November 2007 ( Thursday ) , the top offense fellow in Malaysia, S Kulasingam passed off at Sultanah Aminah Hospital. With him present at that minute to listen to his last words were his younger sister S. Arthi, senior brother Dr S. Ratna, household members and close friends[ 60 ]. The 77 twelvemonth old ace bull left the universe he one time protected at 3.06am on that glooming Thursday forenoon. S. Kulasingam one time quoted: How could I decease of anything but old age? [ 61 ], that was good said as his decease was due to none other than old-age complications. S Kulasingam was much a well-thought-of constabulary officer. His work and attempt towards the state will neer be forgotten and his permanent bequest will populate on. Thankss to him we have a safer state today. We as the young person of today and the future coevals of leaders should take him as a function theoretical account and possibly accomplish merely every bit much or hopefully even more than what he had done in life. Tan Sri Dr. Mahadevan Written by ; Manoj From the left ; TunA Dr.A Mahathir bin Mohamad and Tan Sri Dr. Mahadevan In the Botak Chin s history, Dr Mahadevan plays a really important function as his head-shrinker. Dr Mahadevan who is the former manager of Tanjung Rambutan Mental Hospital in Perak[ 62 ]treated Botak Chin as he was asked to find whether or non Botak Chin was mentally strong or sane to stand for a test. From the find of Dr Mahadevan, it was found that Botak Chin is really a mastermind but a ill-conceived 1. Dr Mahadevan decided to take this rare chance to come in the head of this one-of-a sort felon with an bizarre outlook and seek to decode what was truly on his head and what were his existent purposes behind his actions. Botak Chin explained himself in item to Dr Mahadevan at the mental infirmary that his lone purpose was to assist the hapless since he was immature. He wanted to protect the down-trodden and deprived from the mobsters who extorted money and corrupt functionaries[ 63 ]. Botak Chin besides told Dr Mahadevan that he was one time severely bashed up by delinquents and mobsters who entered his vegetable stall at the market and tried up to extort money from him. Although they failed to make so, they viciously attacked him and caused his collar bone to fracture. That was decidedly an unforgettable incident to Botak Chin as he decided to take up soldierly humanistic disciplines for self-defense intent. Not merely did Botak Chin do that, he besides told Dr Mahadevan that he joined into a pack for protection[ 64 ]. And now he feels that it is his duty and responsibility to protect his sort from any injury and subjugation so that they would non hold to travel through what he when through in the y esteryear. Dr Mahadevan knew that peculiar incident had a terrible impact on Botak Chin s life. Dr Mahadevan besides came to cognize that Botak Chin encouraged the society to fall in his secret pack in order to avoid being harmed and exploited by the corrupt functionaries and the mobsters. Dr Mahadevan besides admired Botak Chin when he said that the members of his society had taken an curse to cut their hair abruptly, non to take the hapless for granted and decidedly non to take drugs[ 65 ]. Dr Mahadevan had a good feeling on Botak Chin because he knew that Botak Chin s ultimate purpose was merely to assist the hapless and non to do problem or pandemonium in this state. Dr Mahadevan besides managed to happen out from Botak Chin that he was called the Robin Hood by the villagers in his small town because of his act of robbing from the rich and giving considerable sums of spoils to the hapless. Botak Chin knew that by this manner he would be able to supply aid for the hapless. Although he gave merely small to the hapless, the remainder of the money that he robbed, he had given it to to his pack and portion of it to the household of those members who were killed by the constabulary. Through this attempt of his, the household members would hold fewer loads to transport. Dr Mahadevan knew that this act of his would do him to seek safety and spent the remainder of his life concealment when being spotted by the constabulary. It was obvious that with the aid provided by Botak Chin to the community, the community were decidedly seeking to assist him escape.Dr Mahadevan knew that Botak Chin had managed to capture the Black Marias and heads of the community through his courageous actions. Although what Botak Chin did was lawfully incorrect, nevertheless his purposes were really good. Dr Mahadevan besides managed to acquire Botak Chin to talk about the rules and guidelines that his secret society had. It seemed that Botak Chin s secret society had a really rigorous and strong guidelines and rules[ 66 ]. These rules were to be followed by each and every member of this secret society including Botak Chin himself. Botak Chin besides made it clear to Dr Mahadevan that he had appointed confederates to implement the subject among the members and his military personnels. Dr Mahadevan was besides surprised when Botak Chin told him that when he was admitted to the infirmary, patients of that infirmary were more than sword lily to rinse his apparels and do all jobs for him. It was a signifier of gratitude towards Botak Chin s actions[ 67 ]. Dr Mahadevan was told that Botak Chin neer tied the knot with any miss. Dr Mahadevan was told that many adult females would name to ask about Botak Chin s well being during Botak Chin s stay in the hospita[ 68 ]l. Dr Mahadevan knew really good that he was in the Black Marias of many adult females due to his good workss. He was besides told that Botak Chin was being rushed back to Kuala Lumpur when a slug was found in the cell of a high security infirmary. He farther explained it by stating that the slug was really shot by his members in their attempt to assist him get away. Dr Mahadevan besides found that Botak Chin sought consolation in assorted faiths. Botak Chin besides wished for his variety meats to be donated for medical intents[ 69 ]. He wanted his variety meats to profit the society in some signifier but it was rejected as he neer wrote a written consent sing his wants. Dr Mahadevan knew that Botak Chin was really a sort hearted individual but could non be helped as he is lawfully incorrect and can non be justified. Decision Written by ; Mohamed Mazlan A condemnable or a saint misunderstood? A local hero but a public nuisance at the same clip? Merely one adult male can trip such contradicting and dry statements. And that adult male is what this whole study is approximately. The adult male that branded himself as the local Robin Hood , the adult male that fought for the rights of the hapless and the laden ; but he was besides the adult male responsible for many robberies, slayings and pack battles, a adult male that set panic, confusion and terror among the community of Kuala Lumpur in the 1970ss, a adult male that everyone feared including the constabulary force, a adult male that many believed was unbeatable and unbeatable. Everyone knew him ; the aged, the working grownups and even the small childs running on the streets. Some hated his backbones ; some in secret respected him while many feared him. Amazing is nt it how one adult male who was merely a school dropout could make such an huge impact on society? He was neither flush nor did he hold any influential place in the province authorities but yet he was talked about everyplace from offices to even coffee stores. With a particular force created merely for his gaining control, he so was person to be reckoned with. Merely one adult male with likely one of the most alone name which itself is beliing to how this adult male really looks ; his name is Botak Chin. Hours of research, arguments and treatments made us, the squad, to really explicate our ain perceptual experience and ideas on this ill-famed felon in Malaysia. Wong Swee Chin, person from a comparatively normal upbringing, possibly he did endure merely a tad spot due to poverty. His male parent drilled the qualities of a good adult male into him. However, Botak Chin was no ordinary adult male. He was person with merely the right sum of endowment, fore-sight, ardor and craft. He was a natural born leader. He was fashioned to be person influential, person who would do headlines and grace the forepart pages of newspapers, spoken about through the wirelesss and appears often on telecasting screens. He had a vision, a end which he kept his focal point on and that end was to assist those in demand, to offer a manus to the hapless and the 1s enduring out at that place. Such a promising chap with good purposes. However, he fell abruptly in his executing of his purpose and vision. He went about making good workss in the incorrect manner. He was robbing, killing, interrupting Torahs, making pandemonium and mayhem. Many were injured and some even lost their lives at his disbursal. One of the most likely grounds to why he resorted to violence to acquire his propaganda and thought across is because of his old brush with force when he was younger. That triggered a sense of pitilessness within him to really utilize a more aggressive attack in making things. He was a adult male that was true to his rules and beliefs. No 1 in his pack was allowed to take drugs. A mark of a adult male with good will and self-respect. But, the constabulary were non excessively pleased with his work, they did non look at him as person seeking to do a alteration, alternatively they saw him as a plague, a societal scumbag which should be thrown into gaol or even worse hung by his cervix until he died. Time and clip once more Botak Chin was lucky and cunning plenty to withstand the constabulary. Until one twenty-four hours, the jurisprudence eventually caught up with him. He was eventually caught and it was because he was betrayed by his ain right-hand adult male and his close friend, about like his brother, Seh Chai. One would reason that for a originator of such adept offenses, Botak Chin was foolish plenty to put so much trust in his best friend. However, he was still human, and as worlds, we need to organize relationships and bonds with others in order to maintain us sane. It was really clear Botak Chin was a adult male which placed extreme precedence in his work for he denied holding any intimate relationships with any adult females although he had many supporters all desiring to capture his cherished attending. However, non even one lady did. He told his head-shrinker ; Tan Sri Dr. Mahadevan that any sexual desires that he had within him was channeled into his work. This fuelled his work with a certain sum of passion and devotedness. Something like how a hubby would impart and show his love towards his married woman. The dedication towards what he did and what he worked was faultless. Such a complex head with many fascinating ideas ; this is the head of a sheer mastermind. Planing robberies in which he got off unharmed with booty amounting to shut to half a million was no easy effort. He was even skilled with pieces. So when we take a expression at things from a logical and analytical position, his amulet the Pidtta from Tok Raja did non play a critical function in his ill-famed success of ever acquiring out of danger unhurt and defying apprehension. Botak Chin did non necessitate much fortune, for he was ever pre-planning and re-thinking his moves maintaining him in front of the constabulary clip and clip once more. Botak Chin seemed unbeatable non because of some talisman but because he made full usage of his humor and he was cunning plenty to outwit the jurisprudence. After all that has been said and done, we have come to a concluding finding of fact after weighing both the good and bad workss of Botak Chin and taking into consideration every factor necessary, we feel that Botak Chin was so a good adult male. He was a adult male of honor and rules. He was a adult male with a good bosom. His purposes were good but his ways and methods of put to deathing his rules were incorrect. It is decidedly non acceptable to kill others at the disbursal of assisting people for it is non for adult male to make up ones mind who should populate and who should non. Hence, Botak Chin was non merely any condemnable, he was a good adult male ; but a good adult male who made incorrect determinations in his pursuit to assist people. After all he has done, he so ran a race, and what a race that was.

Latino Theology

Hispanic/Latino Theology Introduction Theological discourse makes use of liberation theologies to review the goal of human existence, religious thought and practice, and faith by focusing on individuals who have been deprived a voice, adequate standards of living, and positive identity. Liberation theology critiques moral evil like undeserved and unjustified suffering, pain, and subjugation and marginalization.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Hispanic/Latino Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Liberation theology is globally recognized, but, the United States remains the origin/birthplace of various impressive liberation theologies. Liberation theology therefore concerns itself with the serious problem of injustice and oppression, seeking to â€Å"advance enhancing self images and communal images, enabling coping techniques and socio-political adjustments that could foster greater social justice as a whole† (Valentin, 2010, p. 98). It is precisely because of this that liberation theology makes inquiry into and searches for responses to questions on people’s thoughts and opinions about God; on human capability and limitation; on the saving example of Jesus Christ; on Christian hope to overcome underserved agony, inequity, unjustified subjugation, and marginalization; and on challenge and promise of the church. In addition to placing much attention to injustice and suffering, and ameliorative impulses, liberation theology is characterized by two keynotes. The first one entails a comprehension of the factors that shape and govern the role of theological treatises. These factors include socio-cultural, historical, and socio-economic attributes. Secondly, liberation theology possesses a desire to reach into, and draw from certain realities of life, and expressive cultures of a defined group of people (Valentin, 2010). Hispanic theology is a complex form of theology that encompasses the social and cu ltural contexts of the Latino/as. The Hispanic theology is composed of women leaders in various areas of life that unfortunately lack recognition from official leadership structures and within institutional church (Valentin, 2010). Despite the eminent oppression, Hispanic theology acknowledges the important role played by women in the maintenance of life and health in the community. This paper gives insight into Hispanic/Latino (a) theology by discussing the effects and importance of Hispanic/Latino (a) theology and its link to Christianity. Discussion The nascence of liberation theology was as a result of fermentation of a long historical process in the 1960s and 1970s. This emergence was triggered by religious, economic, and political forces. It was a new approach to theology as opposed to the traditional form of theology that was characterized by an imbalance of power between the church’s hierarchy and its members (Isasi-Diaz, Segovia, 1996).Advertising Looking fo r term paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The liberation theology was therefore a wakeup call to change the social conditions of the church members by denying a subordinate class, ethnic, or gender status. Hispanic feminist theology, known as mujerista, shares some characteristics with other North American feminist theologies. The discrete and dynamic perspectives of the Hispanic women theology help the Latina/o community and its Diaspora to comprehend the multifaceted oppressive structures, define their preferred future and face internalized oppression (Dyrness Krkkinen, 2008). The origin of the Hispanic/Latino (a) theology is complex, intriguing and emanates from a combination of political, cultural, and religious factors. The Hispanic theology is born from the creation of the Hispanic/Latino/as. In actual sense the Hispanics are not foreign newcomers to the United States, but instead their histo ry predates that of the United States. The exploration and colonization by the Spanish on the Caribbean islands is what gave rise to the Hispanics/Latino/as in North America. The Spanish boon in the American lands gave rise to a new culture as the American indigenous populations were coercively conquered and their lands taken away from them. These natives were exposed to new strains of diseases obtained from the Spanish. The devastating effect of the diseases, mistreatment and imposition of a new language and culture took a huge toll on the indigenous Amerindians. In addition, poor nourishment, broken family life and oppressive labor conditions led to a rapid and tremendous dwindle of the native populations. Scant labor force led to the conquering of Africa, and with their migration to this part of the world, led to the birth of new cultures and large populations of mestizo/as and mulatto/as. This new culture had great impact on every aspect of the Latino/as. This community was char acterized by a lot of heterogeneity, which was aggravated by variations in socioeconomic standing and period of stay in the United States inter alia. Irrespective of the heterogeneity involved, the U.S. Hispanic/Latino (a) population has forged a delicate but appreciable pan-Latino identity in the U.S. Since the 1960s with the birth of Hispanic theology aimed at bringing about wholeness or solidarity, panethnicity and collectivity among the Hispanics/Latino (as) is eminent. This solidarity has been a turning point to the Hispanics/Latino (as). Edna Acosta-Belen simply says that:Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Hispanic/Latino Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shorthand label Hispanic/Latino is turning out to be a symbol of cultural affirmation and identity in an alienating society that traditionally has been hostile and prejudicial to cultural and racial differences, and unresponsive to the socioeco nomic and educational needs of a large segment of the Hispanic population (Valentin, 2010). Other factors that have been responsible for the solidarity within the Hispanic community include common widespread cultural traits shown through language, customs, life sensibilities, and rituals; a sensibility of ubiquitous exile arising from annexation/colonization of a majority of Latino/as’ countries of origin by the United States; and due to a feeling of marginalization even among those Latinos born in the United States. The Hispanics/Latino (as) mainly encounter racial discrimination and cultural alienation which exudes from living within a dominant society that is after the victory of its own excluding Anglo culture. In addition, the Latino (as) have mainly been at the bottom of the economic ladder and unfortunately lack the ability to ameliorate their socio-economic condition. Hispanic theology therefore in addition to the confounding factors mentioned above has played a pivot al role in bringing about solidarity and cohesion among the Hispanic as quoted by Edna Acosta-Belen. This quote is of significant implication because it aims at building strong ties among the Hispanics/Latino (as). The Hispanic/Latino (a) theology makes responses to, reflects on, and builds on the complex history and complex amassment of the experiences by the Hispanics/Latino (as). This theological concern began in 1975 with initial inflections of the Mexican American Catholic theologian Virgilio Elizondo. Mujerista theology aims at giving voice to Hispanic women, who are not comfortable with their identity in relation to mainline feminist theology. Mujerista is sourced from the lived experiences of Hispanic women, which is intrinsically connected to the survival of their community, and specially the children of the community. The Hispanic women are constantly struggling to survive against anthropological poverty, which is beyond material poverty. They fight against sexism, ethnic prejudice, and class. The survival of Hispanic women revolves around self-definition and self-determination. It is also sourced from religion and culture. The religious aspect of Hispanic women theology aims at purging African and Amerindian influences (Sindima, 2008).Advertising Looking for term paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While Hispanic feminine theology seeks equality, the male Hispanic theologians on the other hand are inclined to the fact that women and men will never be equal. According to Williams, God is partial and discriminating. She illustrates this by using the covenant code in Exodus 20-23 and the holiness code in Leviticus 19 to indicate that male and female slaves were not treated equally. Therefore, unlike male theology, the feminine Hispanic theology as described by Williams is skeptical that God is the liberator of all who are oppressed. Unlike the male Hispanic theology, the feminine Hispanic theology is more aggressive and more inclined towards achievement of self-description and self-determination (Krkkinen, 2004).). I however defy Aquino’s mission statement that the poor are currently agents who are in charge of their own destiny. Theoretically speaking, this statement is valid, but in actual sense, the poor are still marginalized in contemporary society and the gap between the rich and the poor is continuously growing due to external forces. If only the Hispanic feminist theology would be a reality but then it seems to be a whirling wind that stirs up a lot of debate. Despite the fact that women have somewhat become liberated from the traditional perception, they are still a marginalized group within the dominant male community. A clear illustration of this continued marginalization is in the distribution of power and resources in the world we are living in. Presidential candidature for example has entirely been a male ground and rarely will women assume such a prestigious position. In addition, male have full charge of most resources and even though the Latino (a) theology has been in the forefront trying to address marginalization and discrimination against women, this continues to be a contentious issue. The Hispanic theology is shown as a representation of the religious and theological inflections of the Hispanic people staying in the United Stat es. It is a North American theological tradition that has a solid origin and fundamental ground in the United States. The theological voice entailed in Hispanic theology is sourced from thoughts, writings, and activities of a pluralistic society of theologians. Hispanic/Latino (a) is a distinctive expression of liberation theology. This is because the Hispanic/ Latino (a) theologians emphasize all the elements of liberation theology. For example, the Hispanic/Latino (a) theologians often delve into and seek responses for specific experiences and scenarios that have had impact in their lives and those of their colleagues in the social sphere of the U. S. Hispanic/Latino(a) theology is therefore built from specific people’s life experiences and circumstances, as well as their cultural practices. This way, they focus on responding to fashion, and theological reflections that are fundamental to the Hispanic’s/Latino’s cultural agency. A representation of this is car ried out through interpretation of the scripture and theological doctrines in the eyes of experiences and perceptions of the Latino (a) communities. Poverty, alienation, marginality, exile, or estrangement, form the basis for these experiences and perceptions. A different basis is that of mestizaje or mulatez, which entails mixed ancestry and cultural heritage that acts as a vantage point in deciphering and exploring the meanings of religious ideas. Hispanic/Latino (a) theology is bent on improving the lives of its people. The Latinos and Latinas experience discrimination and disrespect of their Hispanic cultures, and because of this, the theologians have embraced an identity politics /cultural politics to distinguish them from other cultures. The Hispanics face cultural discrimination through: cultural domination, non-recognition, and disrespect. Latino theologians have voiced out these injustices especially related to culture because it is a potential source of oppression than pol itical economy. Forms of cultural oppression include cultural imperialism, ethnic prejudice, sexism, and racism, all of which contribute to the agony of the Latino/as. Hispanic/Latino/a theology therefore focuses on enfolding liberal cultural discourses to counter efforts at cultural homogenization by the United States. This theology aims to protect the beliefs and practices of the Hispanics/Latino/as and replace denigrating images with self-defines and affirming images of the Latino/as. This way, Hispanic theology helps in incorporating the Latino/as as full, equal, and active citizens into the society in which they live in (Valentin, 2010). Christianity vs. Hispanic/Latino (a) Theology Tradition, experience, scripture and culture form the sources of Christian theology. The scripture generally makes references to the Bible (both Old and New Testaments). The Bible provides a ground for the Christian faith through initiatory events, beliefs, and testimonies. Tradition entails accrued interpretations of scripture, doctrines, and ritual/practice that have been transmitted in the history of Christian thought and practice. Culture in Christianity is varied depending on the theologian, thus it could mean a â€Å"sphere devoted to the production, circulation, and use of meanings and identities† (Valentin, 2010). A more general definition is that culture could refer to everything that makes up the social matrix in which occurrence and exercise of religion takes place. Experience looks at the personal life experience and perception and this entails religious experience and perception, as well as collective historical experiences of a group defined by religion, nationality, ethnicity, social norms and culture. Gonzalez interprets Christianity by use of Santa Biblia where he points out five injustices relevant to Christianity. These are marginalization, poverty, mestizaje and mulatez, exile, and alienation. Just like in Christianity, Hispanic theology aimed at bri nging about cohesion and unity among a heterogeneous group of people. Initially, there was disunity among the Hispanic themselves due to variations in origin aggravated by social position. Christianity also aims at bringing people of different mixtures of races and social classes, who have a common belief, together and guarding this belief in relation to tradition, the scripture, culture and experiences. Christianity protects the Christians against non-believers. Hispanic theology is also charged with the responsibility of protecting the Hispanic people against outsiders, who aim at diluting the social and cultural norms and practices of the Latino/as. Just like the Latinos who are mestizaje, Christianity follows this example since Jesus himself is described by Elizondo as a mestizo. This kind of mixed culture is expressed as a first-century borderland. Jesus was descendant of the Jews, who were at the borderline of the Jewish and the Gentile societies. Poverty is an element of soci al injustice in both Christian and Hispanic theology (Isasi-Diaz Segovia, 1996). This is because poverty is associated with alienation and inequality based on social position. Hispanic aims at bringing all people of different social positions together irrespective of their wealth. The church actually aims at helping the poor so that they can socially be uplifted and thereby fit in the church setting. Churches and Christianity, for example, an international one known as the Joyce Meyer Ministries is well known for helping the poor and marginalized societies as a way of exemplifying equality and togetherness. Christianity is therefore the avenue through which wealth is fairly distributed to the poor and thereby addressing the issue of marginalization due to poverty. Jesus came from uninspiring village in Galilee called Nazareth. Jesus therefore, experienced marginalization as a Galilean Jew in the first century, just like the Hispanics in the U.S. today. In the same way that Jesus wa s able to generate new modalities of life from the margins of His society, the Latino (as) have also found their selves charged with a liberating mission not only for themselves but also for others in contemporary society. Marginalization based on gender is also germane to Christianity, just as in Hispanic theology. Feminist Hispanic theology aims at addressing discrimination against women and giving them a voice. Christianity is also a means through which women are given an opportunity to express themselves and offer their services in the church. It is through such roles in the church that women become appreciated and acknowledged as important and functional members of the community. In addition, Christianity stems from the experiences and life situations of its followers (the Christians) as Hispanic theology stems from the life situations of the Hispanics/Latino (as). My Perception I have always viewed Christianity as a mere believe in Jesus Christ but after reading this text, I h ave realized that there is more to Christianity than meets the eye. As indicated above, Christianity is somewhat complex because it is defined by the scripture, people’s tradition, culture and experiences. These elements are mainly not realized but I have learnt that surely Christianity has got to embrace these facets for it to thrive. Therefore, Christianity is a critical facet of people’s lives that mainly goes unnoticed while considering the mentioned elements that define it. Christianity is used to bring about unity and give the marginalized people hope and a voice to express their experiences and life situations. Christianity acknowledges the important role played by everyone irrespective of their social and cultural status. In addition Christianity seeks recognition as a unique entity and guards its followers from being assimilated into other doctrines. References Dyrness, W. A., Krkkinen, V. (2008). Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Ch urch. Dormers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Christian Fellowship. Isasi-Diaz, A. M., Segovia, F. F. (1996). Hispanic/Latino Theology: Challenge and Promise. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. Krkkinen, V. (2004). The Doctrine of God: A Global Introduction. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. Sindima, H. J. (2008). The Gospel According to the Marginalized. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Valentin, B. (2010). Hispanic/Latino (a) Theology. In S. M. Floyd-Thomas, A. B. Pinn. Eds. Liberation Theologies in the United States: An Introduction. New York: New York University.

Postural Changes associated with Pregnancy Dissertation

Postural Changes associated with Pregnancy - Dissertation Example INTRODUCTION Posture is defined as the arrangement of body parts with reference to each other. Thus a good posture refers to the optimum alignment of musculoskeletal system so as to enable body movement with maximum efficiency (Britnell et al., 2005). Pregnancy brings about multiple changes in the women’s body affecting almost every biological system. While some of these changes go with pregnancy, others continue to affect for longer duration. There is an increase in body mass and dimensions with non-uniform distribution of both of these parameters. Thus the centre of gravity of the body and therefore, its equilibrium is disturbed and in order to regain it the body must lean backwards. The skeletal and muscular system of the women’s body undergoes several biomechanical changes to accommodate the growing uterus, maintain body balance and facilitate smooth delivery. Moreover the hormonal changes during pregnancy too affect the musculoskeletal system. Later weeks of pregna ncy are characterized by lordosis or a significantly increased curvature of the spine. Thus changes are observed in both the static and dynamic posture of the women during pregnancy. Along with these postural changes are observed discomforts such as low back pain which may or may not be associated with the postural changes. Moreover the postural changes have also been linked to increased vulnerability to fall incidences. Research has shown that the major postural adaptations associated with pregnancy include forward shift in centre of gravity, and subsequent anterior pelvic tilt, with some cases of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. Approximately 75% of women exhibit a more posterior posture wherein the mass of the expanding uterus with the fetus is shifted posterior to the prior centre of gravity (Britnell et al., 2005). While pregnancy itself is associated with different levels of multiple discomforts both physical and mental, an understanding of the mechanism and nature of ch anges associated with pregnancy is imperative for developing measures to deal with these problems. This literature review aims to study the various aspects of postural changes associated with pregnancy. 2. PURPOSE Bipedalism is a distinguishing character of hominids and the human skeleton has developed several adaptations to enable it. One of the chief adaptations was an elongated lumbar region with both an increased length of individual vertebra and also increase in number of vertebra. Besides this, the lumbar vertebra are also arranged in a significantly concave curve, the feature being specifically termed as lumbar lordosis. As a consequence of lumbar lordosis the trunk’s centre of mass (COM) is shifted to a position above the hips thereby imparting stability to the upper part of body (Whitcome et al., 2007). The second major adaptation is sagittal pelvic tilt. Human posture and motion is thus defined by two biomechanical components responsible for imparting stability viz lumbar lordosis and sagittal pelvic tilt. However, pregnancy related marked changes in body shape and mass pose significant challenges to the bipedal stability (Whitcome et al.

History Essay Exam World War 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History Exam World War 1 - Essay Example Unlike previous wars, where men would just lie dead in one piece at the side of the road, there were literally pieces of human bodies scattered and blown about. Houses were smashed to pieces from miles off, since the weapons could cover a wide range of territory when fired. This was only the beginning of the gruesome wars that were to follow. One particular warrior, Ernst Junger, fought hard in the face of opposition, as he was determined to come out victorious no matter what lay ahead of him. Junger was a man who possessed the strong characteristics of a leader. Nothing stood in his way when it came to what was to be faced in the battlefields. Even when he was badly wounded, he never gave up hope. He had a strong spirit and always remained positive. When people were dying around him, and when he was facing circumstances that were beyond what any normal human being could bare, fear never got the better of him. As a matter of fact, he despised cowardly behavior, as he had some of his men shot who displayed the characteristics of being a coward. In his eyes, it was a sin to be a coward. One must be strong, face the enemy squarely in the face, and push forward (Ernst Junger, Storm of steel). The role that death had on his accounts of being at war was that he could not think about dying. Though he knew that dying was a major prospect, since many men never came back alive, he had to give it his best shot. So, he commenced into leading his people into the battlefields, possessing a spirit of steel that none of his enemies could penetrate (Junger). Junger was committed to his duties because he felt that he owed it to his race into his fatherland. He felt that he needed to defend his roots. He considered himself to be of the Arian people, a people that were superior to all others. He had a job to do in that he had to go out on the battlefield, defend his people and fight like a man. Every duty that was assigned to him, he took seriously and put his whole heart and soul into his military service. The fact that he was so diligent in his work eventually enabled him to rise to the status of being an officer of high prestige (Junger). Junger was a ferocious fighter as well as a good leader. The characteristics of leadership came natural to him, as he led his people with great ease through the battlefields and into the trenches to fight against the enemy (Junger). Junger maintained his same attitude towards war through the entire text. Never did he waver in the least bit. Despite being wounded numerous times, he was never deterred from his mission to overtake the enemy (Junger). In Junger's book, the Storm of Steel, there were numerous descriptions of what life was like in the battle trenches. There was one particular experience that would give the reader a great idea of what took place. In one particular account, Junger and his company were to be led into the heart of the battle. He knew that the worse was to come: yet, he had to trudge on. Late in the evening, Junger and his crew marched from Le Mesnil until they ended up in Sailly-Saillysel; where they were to fight one of the most gruesome battles. Junger described this event in intricate detail. He was so thorough about the description of the account that the one reading his diary could almost imagine themselves being right there in the battlefield. The reader could almost feel himself right there in the midst of the fighting, holding a gun in hand and being on the lookout

Ethical Matters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Matters - Research Paper Example Universal ethical principles are necessary to have considering the fact that, every profession in the world have shown that without ethical principles delivering the calling of that profession is not a guarantee. Consider a profession that deals directly with the life of a person. Without ethical principles, anyone in the profession can violate the rights of the citizens. Coming to the world of business, ethics govern back and forth the events pertaining to good business. Universal ethical principles in many occasions are a recipe for good leadership and governance. The legislations of laws governing the human nature in a given country have the spirit of universal ethics manifested in it. Universal ethics serve to bring unity and uniformity among professionals in their line of duty. It further ensures that there is a clear course to be pursued in addressing the needs of the clients. Consider the various professionals in the world, without universal ethics, the so far made technologic al advances, no one knows; maybe it would have brought disaster to the world. The 1st fundamental principle of ethics is that of respect for autonomy. Everyone has the obligation to respect the decision of others especially if it concerns their lives. This principle goes a long way in shaping a person’s character to the effect that others will appreciate the tolerance they have towards the lifestyle others. The other principle is that of beneficence; every individual has an obligation to bring about good things in whatever they engage in. the third principle is that of nonmaleficence. This principle requires of us not to harm others; and if we cannot avoid the harm, our effort should be to minimize the harm. The last fundamental principle is that of justice; this principle requires of us to accord others whatever is they are rightly owed. In public life for example, we have an obligation to treat all people equally, fairly, and impartially. Therefore, in the case where others are treated unfairly, our obligation therefore, will be to work for the benefit those who are unfairly treated (Adler, 1996) From the works of Plato and Aristotle, good life can be termed as being able to live up to the ethical and moral standards in the society. In order to live morally, one must uphold the spirit of morality, which does not depend on any benefits coming about by being moral. Consider a situation where one lies for self interest; on the contrary, it is expected that everyone can benefit if people accept self denial. People should be able to appreciate their long term interests; this is however not the case, most people subscribe to the austere view that justification of moral principles should be independent of our interests (Devettere, 2002). In doing our duties we should be foster a lifestyle in which virtue should be the only reward to enable us assume no other benefit in doing our duty. To achieve this, people should embrace contend in their lifestyle. More of ten than not, greed crops in when we are serving others and in the course of event we want to believe that whatever is ours by right is not enough so much, so that we sacrifice what belongs to others. By also embracing the call for duty to serve others, without wanting to mind of what benefits we can get out of it, we can no doubt lead a good life (Adler, 1996) . Ethics can be categorized as

PatientOS installation guide

PatientOS installation guide 1. Overview 1.1 Process The basic steps to installing PatientOS are divided into the backend system and front end client a) Backend System Install the PatientOS software base version. Install the PatientOS updater software. Install and create a PostgreSQL database version 8.2 or higher. Import the PatientOS database contents. Start the PatientOS application server. b) Frontend Client Install the PatientOS software. Install the latest software updates. Start the PatientOS client. 1.2 Definitions POS Refers to the PatientOS software as a system. Java Programming language developed by Sun PostgreSQL An Open Source (free) database server, an alternative Oracle, SQLServer, etc. Application Server The backend J2EE server which clients connect to. Client The rich (fat) client graphic user interface (GUI) with which the users interact. 2. Software Installation 2.1 PatientOS Download 2.1.1 Windows The PatientOS download is hosted at Sourceforge. Here is the direct URL Windows Base Install http://downloads.sourceforge.net/patientos/PatientOS-0.97-Setup.exe PostgreSQL Database Server Software http://downloads.sourceforge.net/patientos/postgresql-8.3.7-1-windows.exe PatientOS Demo Database Contents http://downloads.sourceforge.net/patientos/demo-0.97-database.zip http://downloads.sourceforge.net/patientos/demo-0.97-datafiles.zip Links from the website redirect to sourceforge where it is often difficult to find the download link look for the text use this direct link circled in red below. 2.2 PatientOS Base Installation 2.2.1 Installer Run the downloaded setup executable PatientOS-0.97-Setup.exe and follow the prompts a) Installer Language Selection The first language selection prompt is for the installer language not the PatientOS language. b) Destination Directory The destination directory defaults to Program Files. The directorys disk should reserve at least 750MB space for the installation. A client only install will require less space, the server will grow significantly larger. The target directory defaults to 0.97. It would recommended to install into a version agnostic directory such as C:Program FilesPatientOSdemo or C:Program FilesPatientOSproduction However for the rest of the document we will assume the path installed as C:Program FilesPatientOS.97 c) Startà  Programs By default the software shortcuts will be stored in Start à   Programs à   PatientOS à   0.97 2.3 PostgreSQL Installation 2.3.1 Installer Run the downloaded PostgreSQL installer postgresql-8.3.7-1-windows.exe Accept the default directory to install PatientOS into. The super user password is critical to remember or write down it is required to administer the databases. Use the default port 5432. Use the default locale. Press next and finish to install the database software. 3. Database Installation 3.1 Create Database Before the PatientOS can start properly a database is needed with a username and password the application server can connect to. There also needs to be PatientOS specific contents in the database. 3.1.1 PGAdminIII The PostgreSQL installation also installs a graphic tool to manager the PostgreSQL databases. Use Start à   Programs à   PostgreSQL à   pgAdmin III to start the tool. Double click on the single line PostgreSQL Database Server to connect to the database. You will be prompted for the postgres password entered during the PostgreSQL installation. 3.1.2 Create Database Login Select Login Roles and right click and choose New Login Role. Enter demopos for the username, password and check off all the privileges. 3.1.3 Create Database Select Databases and right click and choose New Database. Enter demopos for the database name and user name. The encoding will need to match the encoding selected for the installation. If you have an old installation need to drop the existing database. Stop the application server and execute the following commands. cd C:progra~1patientos.97serverdatabase C:progra~1postgresql8.3binpsql -U demopos demopos drop schema public cascade; create schema public; q 3.2 Import PatientOS Database Contents Load a Demo Database 3.2.1 Import PatientOS Demo Database and Demo Files The demo database has binary files that are database specific. Download and unzip the corresponding database files and database contents http://downloads.sourceforge.net/patientos/demo-0.97-datafiles.zip Unzip and overlay the files in the data directory C:progra~1patientos.97serverdata http://downloads.sourceforge.net/patientos/demo-0.97-database.zip Startà  Runà  cmd cd desktop C:progra~1postgresql8.3binpsql -U demopos demopos < demo_database.sql See forum for information on renaming the demo facility to a facility of your choice. 4. System Startup 4.1 Installation It is assumed that the Windows, Linux or other Installation Guide has been followed and that you have a) PostgreSQL database installed b) Import PatientOS database contents c) Installed the application server software d) Installed the client software 4.2 Application Server The application server is JBoss version 4.2.0 GA with the PatientOS specific libraries and configuration files. The application server is required to be running before the client can start. The application server can run on the same server as the client. 4.2.1 Appserver shell script The windows installation creates a script appserver.bat with a shortcut in Start à   Programs à   PatientOS à   à   Start Application Server (first) The working directory must be the same as the script. Start the application server. For a successful installation the last line printed to the shell is Instances Found 0 4.2.2 Service The application server runs perpetually and in a production setting should be configured as a service. The application server takes 20 seconds to start on a 2 ghz processor. Once started the server typically only needs to be restarted for upgrades. On windows this is the first time the server has been installed you may need to press Unblock for this dialog: 5. Client Startup The client can run on the same server as the application server by default. To have the client connect to an application server running on a remote host edit the shell server patientos.bat On windows right click on the shortcut called Start Client (second) and select Edit. This should open an editor where you can change the script. On linux cd /patientos/0.97/client/bin vi patientos.sh 5.1.1 Client shell script To connect to a remote host change localhost to the hostname or IP address of the server running the application server. 5.2 Login Login to the client with demo/demo to access the system as a privileged physician admin/admin to access the system as an administrator

mice and men :: essays research papers

If two characters stand out to me who contrast in the more ways in the book Of Mice and Men, it would be Curley and Lennie. One is smart and witty while the other is big, dumb, and strong. From the moment these two characters meet, Curley has a hate towards Lennie. Lennie is to dumb to dislike Curley back because Lennie does whatever George tells him to, and George tells Lennie to stay away form Curley. Steinbeck makes Curley out to be a character in which you dislike from meeting him. He is rude towards George and Lennie, and everyone at the ranch abhors him. Curley is quick and a good fighter because he was the runner-up in the â€Å"Golden Gloves† competition, so he can fight. Lennie is almost completely opposite. He isn’t a fighter; he just is a hard worker. Not smart or witty, just listens to directions and does his best. Doesn’t want any trouble from anybody; just wants everyone to get along and he just wants to take care of the rabbits. Lennie comes off t o me as a very nice loving character that everyone likes and gets along with. He is so innocent, and all Curley does is harass him because he is jealous of his size. I feel bad for Lennie because he doesn’t know that Curley is doing this he just does what Lennie, with the help of George’s instruction, wants to do and minds his own business. Even though these characters are different in numerous ways, there is always a foundation for similarities, and of course Lennie and Curley have their occasional resemblance of each other. Both men are interested in the same woman. Curley is married to a woman who ahs the eye real bad, and Lennie thinks this woman is pretty. Even though Lennie doesn’t know that looking at her that way is wrong, he still does and Curley looks at her the same way. These men are both chasing the same girl just neither knows about it. I believe that Lennie chasing Curley’s wife is going to cause some sort of problem later in this story. Even though this may be a very simple comparison, they both work on the ranch and buck barley. Even though Lennie is a much better worker, they have to do the same thing for the same money. So they are equals on this basis.